Lacking proof of legal identity remains a major barrier to social, economic, and civic participation worldwide. Without proof of legal identity, individuals face obstacles when accessing financial services, government programs, healthcare, education, and formal sector jobs. As transactions increasingly move online, forms of digital ID that allow people and businesses to prove their identity, anytime and anywhere, have become a cornerstone of trust in the digital economy and a key element of an economy’s digital public infrastructure (DPI). The findings show continued progress, but large gaps remain. Globally, an estimated 800 million people still lack proof of legal identity, with the gap heavily concentrated in low-income countries (LICs) and Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). For the first time since this data was collected, there is no longer a statistically significant gender gap in adult ID ownership at the global level; however, significant gender disparities remain for certain economies and regions. People with less education, those living in poverty, and rural populations also remain disproportionately excluded. Although many economies have built government recognized digital ID systems, an estimated 2.8 billion people still do not have access to these systems. Furthermore, in many economies with digital ID ecosystems, a relatively small share of the population owns a digital ID, and an even smaller share has actually used it. This paper is structured as follows: section 1 summarizes key trends in foundational ID ownership globally and across regions, including the demographic determinants of ID ownership, common barriers preventing people from obtaining IDs, and the concrete difficulties those without them face. Section 2 assesses progress on providing access to digital IDs, explores the gap between ownership and use, and examines the link between digital ID and access to online government services. Section 3 outlines priority actions for closing gaps in foundational and digital ID and ensuring that these systems deliver meaningful value for all.